The Geography of Indonesia-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Breifly explain about Poor Economic Condition in Indonesia. Answer: Introduction: Indonesia is a nation rich in both natural and social assets. Territory of this nation comprises of more than 17,000 islands and little islands that extend along the 6400 km from west to east, and around 3,000 km from north and south, and accordingly actually recommend the high diversities. Indonesia has the differing widely varied vegetation assets. "Asia" fauna is accessible at the Greater Sunda Islands (Sumatra, Kalimantan, Java and Bali). Lesser Sunda Islands (East of Bali ) have been influenced by the "Australia" fauna, the best impacts are in the shallow Sahul (Ambon, Seram, Aru). There are additionally a few extraordinary animal categories in specific places that are not found in different places, for example, Komodo mythical beasts (Varanus komodiensis ). Around 60 % of Indonesia's property comprises of many sorts of backwoods and vegetations. Ethnic gatherings have its own way of life, dialect, traditions and functions of their own exceptional demonstrating Indonesia's socia l differing qualities. There are more than 300 ethnic gatherings in Indonesia. 95% of those belong to Native Indonesian family. Javanese is the biggest gathering with 100 million individuals (42%), trailed by Sundanese who number almost 40 million (15%). Indonesia is the world's most crowded Muslim-dominant part country; right around 87.18% of Indonesians announced themselves Muslim in the 2010 census while 9.87% of the populace clung to Christianity (with over 70% being Protestant), 1.69% belonged to Hinduism, 0.72% Buddhist, and 0.56 of different beliefs. Majority of Hindus belonging to Indonesia are Balinese and majority of the Buddhists in current Indonesia are Tionghoa. Province Population (2015 Census) Aceh 4,587,570 North Sumatra 13,985,075 West Sumatra 4,945,958 Riau 5,843,331 Jambi 3,288,918 South Sumatra 7,956,401 Bengkulu 1,913,893 Lampung 7,896,1215 Bangka Belitung 1,523,948 Riau Islands 1,985,898 Banten 10,844,830 Jakarta 9,988,898 West Java 43,521,926 Central Java 33,370,667 Yogyakarta 3,952,890 East Java 37,976,311 Bali 3,991,928 West Nusa Tenggara 4,996,655 East Nusa Tenggara 4,979,616 West Kalimantan 4,593,839 Central Kalimantan 2,292,699 South Kalimantan 3,826,919 East Kalimantan 3,650,886 North Sulawesi 2,965,837 Gorontalo 1,238,985 Central Sulawesi 2,933,520 South Sulawesi 8,232,851 Southeast Sulawesi 2,430,569 West Sulawesi 1,558,836 Maluku 1,931,502 North Maluku 1,335,378 Papua 3,859,899 West Papua 790,955 Figure: Population of Indonesia (Source: Census 2015) A few major islands present in Indonesia are Sunda Islands, Greater Sunda Islands comprising of Borneo, Java, Sumatra and Sulawesi, Lesser Sunda Islands, Muluku Islands and New Guinea. Indonesia has abundant natural resources that comprises of steam, nickel, tin, coal, gold, copper, zinc, bauxite and lead. Indonesia has several locations to which tourists are attracted. Raja Ampat being one of the major tourist attraction. This place comprises of several volcanic rock present in the mid of the ocean along with coral reefs and several marine life. Komodo National Park was the worlds largest lizard and a major tourist attraction. This park also has several diving points. Belitung Islands has several beautiful beaches that are a major tourist attraction. Bali is famous for surfing, rafting and parasailing. Lake Toba is also a major tourist attraction due to its refreshing atmosphere. Other major tourist attractions are Tanjung Putting, Derawan Islands, Karimun Java and Toraja. Tourism in Indonesia became an important matter since 1995 when several workshops were held to strengthen ecotourism in Indonesia. These workshops emphasized on the importance of conserving nature and developed environment related education for the visitors of ecotourism destinations. Several environmentalists and N GO drove the Indonesian ecotourism development activities. Literature review: According to Fennel (2014), eco-tourism refers to the environmentally responsible travelling that involves enjoying and appreciating the nature that promotes conservation and has lower adverse impacts on the nature that provides benefits to both economy and local people. Eco-tourism emphasizes on conservation, community participation, education and responsibility of the traveler. Eco-tourism becomes necessary in order to reduce the adverse impacts of tourism on sensitive areas. Eco-tourism aims at preventing environmental degradation. Local communities are highly affected by tourism as tourism affects the indigenous culture to a great extent. Eco-tourism reduces all the negative impacts that tourism might cause to a place. On the contrary, Chiu, Lee Chen (2014) stated that eco-tourism activities also generate negative impacts that harm the natural environment. The impact on the environment can be in the form of alterations in the initial value of the environment. Continued negative impact on the environment can result in pollution and degradation of the environment. Environmental degradation involves destruction of wildlife, vegetation, landscapes and coral reefs. These negative impacts are a result of improper plan of tourist management, lack of knowledge of the local community and paying less attention to the environmental capacity. The negative environmental impacts involve soil erosion, land degradation, increase in wastes and noise pollution. This is the point at which a territorial territory creates from investigation to contribution and after that into the advancement phase of the tourist region life cycle model. During the last stage there can be both immediate and aberrant ecological effects through the development of superstructure, for example, lodgings, eateries, and shops, and framework, for example, streets and power supply. As the goal grows, more voyagers search out the experience, thusly, their effects increment likewise. The prerequisite for water for washing, squander transfer and drinking increments. Waterways can be changed, exorbitantly separated, and contaminated by the request put by the facility. Clamor contamination has the ability to aggravate natural life and change conduct, and light contamination can disturb the sustaining and regenerative conduct of numerous animals. At the point when control is provided by diesel or fuel generators there is extra clamor and contamination. General waste and junk are additionally an aftereffect of the offices. As more sightseers land there is an expansion in sustenance and drinks devoured, which thus makes squander plastic and non-biodegradable items. However, according to Thys et al., (2016), eco-tourism has several positive impacts on the environment as it emphasizes on conservation, community participation, education and responsibility of the traveler. Eco-tourism becomes necessary in order to reduce the adverse impacts of tourism on sensitive areas. Eco-tourism aims at preventing environmental degradation. Eco-tourism aids in creating an efficient appreciation of the natural resources of Indonesia that includes wildlife, landscapes and coral reefs. Eco-tourism encourages protection of the environment by creating several national parks, marine parks and wildlife reserves. The funds for conserving the environment are generated through entrance fees of parks and sanctuaries, safari tours and camping fees. Eco-tourism helps in protecting the ecosystem by offering employment alternatives that reduces the damage caused to the environment in the form of excessive farming, clearance of land and over- fishing. On the other hand, Iasha et al., (2015) stated that eco-tourism affects the society of the destination place by bringing several changes in the lives of the local communities. Eco-tourism also affects the culture of the local people by bringing noticeable changes in the customs and rituals of the local communities. The host communities are often considered as the weaker party in the tourism industry as they are highly influenced by the likes and dislikes of the tourists. Eco-tourism influences the local communities to such an extent that there are several changes in the values and behaviors of the host communities. These changes occur in family relationships, lifestyles and community structure. The religious rituals and ethnic festivals of the local communities often get altered in order to make it more attractive to the tourists. This leads to reconstructed ethnicity. There is always a possibility of cultural clashes when a tourist visits a new tourist place if the social relationsh ips between the tourists and the local people are not satisfactory. On the contrary, Butarbutar Soemarno (2013) stated that eco-tourism improves the socio- cultural climate of the host country by preserving the environment and generating revenue that builds up social class of the local communities. Eco-tourism generates revenue for the local communities and provides incentives for preserving their culture, their heritage sites and customs. Eco-tourism encourages the host community to take interest in local arts and crafts, ceremonies, songs, dance and traditional activities. Eco-tourism enables the local communities to discover a wider world, new experiences and new ideas and thoughts. According to Indiati Munir (2016), severe economical impacts of eco-tourism are observed in the form of depletion of the natural resources and degradation of the environment for which several corrective actions are taken that involve spending on improving the environment. Increase in eco-tourism results in foreign ownership and revenues shifting from the local communities to the other nations. This poses potential harm to the local businesses. Tourism leads to increase in the price of the properties that are located near the tourist spots that pushes out the local people and encourages the business to take advantage of the tourist spending. Eco-tourism leads to economic inequalities as the patterns of consumptions of the tourists are different from that of the local communities. The local people often try to copy the patterns of consumptions of the tourists that increases economic tensions. However, according to Romadhon et al., (2014), eco-tourism also generates several positive impacts on the economy. Eco-tourism provides economic benefits to both the communities existing in that area as well as to the local Government. The tourists spend a lot when they visit a place. These spending involve using local transport, staying in local hotels, visiting tourist places and spending on food. The tourists also spend a lot of money on buying local goods and services that boosts the business of the local businessmen. The income of the local communities increase as a result of eco-tourism. Eco-tourism helps in generating employment opportunities that involves accommodation, entertainment, food services, drink services, shopping and manufacturing (Bailey, 2016). Conclusion: Therefore, it can be concluded that eco-tourism has both negative and positive impacts on the environment, social and cultural climate as well as on the economy. The environmental impacts affect the natures carrying capacity and affects the quality of land, vegetation, air and water quality, wildlife and other natural phenomena. The social and cultural impacts refer to the interaction of the host communities with the tourist that affects their lifestyles, culture, religion, ethnics and their attitudes and behaviors (Wiwin Indiarti, Hum Munir, 2016). Tourism in sensitive localities might either lead to loss of culture or preservation of the customs and rituals with the aid of increased resources and revenues. The economic impacts can also be positive and negative. Eco-tourism leads to increase in revenues from the tourist spending. These spending involve using local transport, staying in local hotels, visiting tourist places and spending on food. The tourists also spend a lot of mone y on buying local goods and services that boosts the business of the local businessmen. However, eco-tourism might also lead to economic inequalities, as the patterns of consumptions of the tourists are different from that of the local communities. The local people often try to copy the patterns of consumptions of the tourists that increases economic tensions (Pamungkas, Indriyani Hakim, 2013). Policy suggestions: Indonesia a nation rich in both natural and social assets and comprises of several tourist locations that involves islands, natural parks, coral reefs, volcano, sea beaches and many more. Indonesia is highly dependent upon tourism as it is a major source of revenue. Therefore, the following are the policy suggestions that shall improve the eco-tourism in Indonesia: Development of infrastructure: The financial institutions of Indonesia must assist in the development of infrastructure in the major tourist spots. Accommodation: Establishment of tourist in the major tourist locations shall further boost the tourism industry in Indonesia. Marketing: Eco-tourism in Indonesia must be properly advertised and promoted in order to attract greater number of tourists. Security measures: The safety of the tourists must be improved especially during some sports activities such as paragliding, scuba diving, trekking and other sport activities. Waste management: Increase in tourism shall increase the amount of wastes generated in the tourist locations. Therefore, proper policies must be formed to manage and dispose the wastes generated as a result of tourism. Environmental auditing: The environment must be constantly monitored and in case of any negative impacts, control measures must be taken instantly. References: Bailey, J. (2016). Ecotourism Social Enterprise: Learning From the Global South. Butarbutar, R., Soemarno, S. (2013). Environmental effects of ecotourism in Indonesia.Journal of Indonesian Tourism and Development Studies,1(3), 97-107. Chiu, Y. T. H., Lee, W. I., Chen, T. H. (2014). Environmentally responsible behavior in ecotourism: Antecedents and implications.Tourism management,40, 321-329. Fennell, D. A. (2014).Ecotourism. Routledge. Iasha, A., Yacob, M. R., Kabir, I., Radam, A. (2015). Estimating Economic Value for Potential Ecotourism Resources in Puncak Lawang Park, Agam District, West Sumatera, Indonesia.Procedia Environmental Sciences,30, 326-331. Indiarti, W., Munir, A. (2016, May). The Implementation of Community-based Ecotourism Concept in Osing Tourism Village Development Strategy of Banyuwangi Regency, Indonesia. InAsia Tourism Forum 2016-the 12th Biennial Conference of Hospitality and Tourism Industry in Asia. Atlantis Press. Liu, J., Qu, H., Huang, D., Chen, G., Yue, X., Zhao, X., Liang, Z. (2014). The role of social capital in encouraging residents' pro-environmental behaviors in community-based ecotourism.Tourism Management,41, 190-201. Pamungkas, R. N., Indriyani, S., Hakim, L. (2013). The ethnobotany of homegardens along rural corridors as a basis for ecotourism planning: a case study of Rajegwesi village, Banyuwangi, Indonesia.J. Bio. Env. Sci,3(9), 60-69. Romadhon, A., Yulianda, F., Bengen, D., Adrianto, L. (2014). Sustainable Tourism Based on Carrying Capacity and Ecological Footprint at Sapeken Archipelago, Indonesia.International Journal of Ecosystem,4(4), 190-196. Thys, T., Ryan, J. P., Weng, K. C., Erdmann, M., Tresnati, J. (2016). Tracking a Marine Ecotourism Star: Movements of the Short Ocean Sunfish Mola ramsayi in Nusa Penida, Bali, Indonesia.Journal of Marine Biology,2016. Wiwin Indiarti, S. S., Hum, M., Munir, A. (2016). The Implementation of Community-based Ecotourism Concept in Osing Tourism Village Development Strategy of Banyuwangi Regency, Indonesia.